Challenges and opportunities in human dimensions behind cat-wildlife conflict.

Because global anthropogenic activities cause vast biodiversity loss, human dimensions research is essential to forming management plans applicable to biodiversity conservation outside wilderness areas. Engaging public participation is crucial in this context to achieve social and environmental benefits. However, knowledge gaps remain in understanding how a balance between conservation and public demands can be reached and how complicated sociocultural contexts in the Anthropocene can be incorporated in conservation planning. We examined China's nationwide conflict between free-ranging cats (owned cats that are allowed to go outdoors or homeless cats living outdoors) and wildlife to examine how a consensus between compassion and biodiversity conservation can help in decision-making. We surveyed a random sample of people in China online. Over 9000 questionnaires were completed (44.2% response). In aggregate, respondents reported approximately 29 million free-ranging owned cats and that over 5 million domestic cats per year become feral in mainland China. Respondents who were cat owners, female, and religious were more likely to deny the negative impacts of cats on wildlife and ongoing management strategies and more supportive of stray cat shelters, adoption, and community-based fund raising than nonowners, male, and nonreligious respondents (p < 0.05). Free-ranging cat ownership and abandonment occurred less with owners with more knowledge of biodiversity and invasive species than with respondents with less knowledge of these subjects (p < 0.05). We recommend that cat enthusiasts and wildlife conservationists participate in community-based initiatives, such as campaigns to keep cats indoors. Our study provides a substantially useful framework for other regions where free-ranging cats are undergoing rapid expansion.

Retos y oportunidades de las dimensiones humanas detrás del conflicto entre gatos y fauna Resumen Debido a que las actividades antropogénicas globales causan una enorme pérdida de la biodiversidad, la investigación sobre las dimensiones humanas es esencial para generar planes de manejo aplicables a la conservación de la biodiversidad fuera de las áreas silvestres. Es muy importante lograr que el público participe en este contexto para obtener los beneficios sociales y ambientales. Sin embargo, todavía existen vacíos en el conocimiento sobre cómo lograr el balance entre la conservación y las demandas públicas y cómo incorporar los contextos socioculturales complejos del Antropoceno a la planeación de la conservación. Analizamos el conflicto nacional entre los gatos libres (gatos callejeros o gatos domésticos que se les permite salir) y la fauna en China para estudiar cómo un consenso entre la compasión y la conservación de la biodiversidad puede ayudar en la toma de decisiones. Encuestamos en línea a una muestra aleatoria de personas en China. Se completaron más de 9000 cuestionarios (44.2% de respuesta). En total, los respondientes reportaron un aproximado de 29 millones de gatos libres y que más de cinco millones de gatos domésticos se vuelven ferales al año en China. Quienes respondieron y son dueños de gatos, mujeres y religiosos tuvieron la mayor probabilidad de negar los impactos negativos de los gatos sobre la fauna y de las estrategias actuales de manejo y de mostrar más apoyo por los refugios de gatos abandonados, la adopción y de la recaudación de fondos comunitaria que quienes no son dueños, no son religiosos y son hombres (p < 0.05). La propiedad de gatos libres y el abandono ocurrieron menos con los dueños con más conocimiento sobre la biodiversidad y las especies invasoras que con los respondientes con menos conocimiento sobre estos temas (p < 0.05). Recomendamos que los aficionados a los gatos y los conservacionistas de la fauna participen en las iniciativas comunitarias; por ejemplo, campañas para mantener a los gatos dentro de casa. Nuestro estudio proporciona un marco sustancialmente útil para otras regiones en donde los gatos libres se encuentran en rápida expansión.

[Choice of Family and Community Medicine in the MIR 2002-2023: An objective approach shows that it is as highly valued as hospital specialties]. / Elección de Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria en el MIR 2002-2023: un enfoque objetivo muestra que es una especialidad tan valorada como las hospitalarias.

INTRODUCTION: Currently there is a shortage of general practitioners (GP), and this is expected to increase in the coming years. Despite this need, it is a specialty that is supposedly little demanded, leaving specialized training places unfilled in recent years. The purpose of this study is to present new parameters to more objectively measure the demand and the relationship between supply and demand. METHODS: A database was used with the results of the places assigned in the MIR calls from 2002 to 2023. The calculated parameters were quoting index (CI), quote order, the order of top demand and the order of total demand of the GP specialty. The software R version 4.3.02 was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The specialty quotation and top demand have remained constant during the study period, while there has been a slight and progressive worsening of the total demand. Nevertheless, the total demand for Family Medicine in the last call for MIR exam was higher than that for specialties such as urology, neurology, ENT, endocrinology, oncology, intensive care medicine or neurosurgery, among others. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to the subjective perception of the worsening attractiveness Family Medicine in the last MIR calls, using objective parameters, we found that the attractiveness of the specialty, measured as quotation (supply/demand ratio) and demand, has remained stable (with a slight worsening of total demand).

Vocal Demand Response to the Educational Setting Based Communication Scenarios: A Single Subject Study

Objectives: This was a single-subject study, aimed to demonstrate different vocal demand situations that are typical for primary school and teacher's vocal demand response under two acoustical conditions, with and without voice amplification, during five working days. Methods: The long-term voice dosimetry with Vocal Holter Med (PR.O. Voice Srl) was carried out on a 49-year-old female teacher with voice disorders during daily teaching activities. A sound field amplification system (SFAS) PentaClass Runa was installed in the classroom. Voice dosimetry was provided under two different acoustical conditions: without SFAS (2 days) and with SFAS (3 days). Results: Phonation time percentage, sound pressure level (SPL), SPL SD, fundamental frequency (F0), F0 SD, cycle, and distance doses were investigated in seven communication scenarios (lessons, group/individual classes, sports lessons in the gym and schoolyard, breaks, lunch breaks, and other activities). The median scores of all voice parameters differed significantly between different vocal demand contexts. The significant statistical difference in the vocal demand response was in the communication situations with and without SFAS. In addition, the number of children, reverberation time, and ambient air relative humidity impacted voice SPL and the cycle dose. Conclusions: Lessons, sports lessons held in the gym or schoolyard, breaks, and lunch breaks were considered as high vocal demand communication situations requiring higher voice intensity and fundamental frequency, higher phonation time percentage, cycle, and distance doses. Group/individual work and other teacher activities during the day, unrelated to direct work with students, were categorized as low vocal demand communication scenarios.

Objetivos: Este fue un estudio de sujeto único, cuyo objetivo fue demostrar diferentes situaciones de demanda vocal típicas de la escuela primaria y la respuesta vocal de los docentes bajo dos condiciones acústicas, con y sin amplificación de voz, durante cinco días laborables. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo dosimetría vocal a largo plazo con Vocal Holter Med (PR.O. Voice Srl) durante las actividades diarias de enseñanza en una docente de 49 años con trastornos de la voz. Se instaló un sistema de amplificación de campo sonoro (SFAS) PentaClass Runa en el aula. La dosimetría vocal se realizó bajo dos condiciones acústicas diferentes: sin SFAS (2 días) y con SFAS (3 días). Resultados: Se investigaron el porcentaje de tiempo de fonación, el nivel de presión sonora (SPL), SPL SD, la frecuencia fundamental (F0), F0 SD, ciclos y dosis de distancia en siete escenarios de comunicación diferentes (clases, clases grupales/individuales, clases de educación física en el gimnasio y el patio de la escuela, recreos, almuerzos y otras actividades). Las puntuaciones medias de todos los parámetros vocales diferían significativamente entre los diferentes contextos de demanda vocal. La diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la respuesta a la demanda vocal se observó en las situaciones de comunicación con y sin SFAS. Además, el número de niños, el tiempo de reverberación y la humedad relativa del aire ambiente afectaron al SPL de la voz y la dosis de ciclo. Conclusiones: Las lecciones, las clases de educación física en el gimnasio o el patio de la escuela, los recreos y los almuerzos se consideraron situaciones de comunicación de alta demanda vocal, que requerían una mayor intensidad y frecuencia fundamental de la voz, un mayor porcentaje de tiempo de fonación y dosis de ciclo y distancia más altas. El trabajo grupal/individual y otras actividades del profesor durante el día no relacionadas con el trabajo directo con los estudiantes se categorizaron como escenarios de comunicación de baja demanda vocal.

Demanda de servicios de salud de la población adulta mayor de bajos ingresos en Colombia

Objetivo: Analizar los determinantes de la demanda de servicios de salud del adulto mayor entre los segmentos más pobres de Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de datos panel a partir de datos de riesgo individualizado de una aseguradora del régimen subsidiado en Colombia. Se elaboraron modelos de regresión lineal para determinar la demanda de salud bajo dos escenarios. Resultados: El hacinamiento, la exposición al humo y roedores mantienen una relación positiva con la demanda de servicios de salud. Por el contrario, la educación, ocupación, realizar actividad física y el no consumo de alcohol son factores protectores. Conclusión: La transición demográfica y epidemiológica que experimenta Colombia trae consigo retos para el sistema de salud. La identificación de determinantes de la demanda contribuye al establecimiento de estrategias para el mejoramiento del sistema de salud vigente y futuro.

Objective: To analyze the determinants of the demand for health services of the elderly among the poorest segments in Colombia. Materials and methods: Panel data study based on individualized risk data from an insurer of the subsidized regime in Colombia. Linear regression models were developed to determine health demand under two scenarios. Results: Overcrowding, exposure to smoke and rodents maintain a positive relationship with the demand for health services. On the contrary, education, occupation, physical activity, and non-alcohol consumption are protective factors. Conclusion: The demographic and epidemiological transition that Colombia is experiencing brings challenges to the health system. The identification of determinants of demand contributes to the implementation of strategies to improve the current and future health system.

Lineamientos técnicos para la gestión del tiempo y la demanda en las unidades de salud del Primer Nivel de Atención / Technical guidelines for the management of time and demand in the health units of the First Level of Care

Uno de los problemas más sentidos por el personal de salud del Primer Nivel de Atención ha sido la falta de estandarización de los tiempos de consulta por tipo de atención, convirtiéndose en un verdadero desafío la definición de la duración de las atenciones integrales y un pilar fundamental para la planificación y administración de las agendas de los profesionales en el marco de la transformación digital y avance en la implementación del Sistema Integrado de Salud. A su vez la selección de la consulta, el agendamiento de pacientes crónicos, la emisión de receta repetitiva, y el ordenamiento en la ruta y flujos de atención; son estrategias que en el tiempo han demostrado ser costo efectivas y que impactan positivamente en la gestión del tiempo y la demanda, en la satisfacción de los usuarios y en la reducción de los tiempos de espera en la provisión de servicios de salud, razón por la cual en los presentes lineamientos técnicos se brindan las pautas para su desarrollo y consolidación en el Primer Nivel de Atención

One of the problems most felt by the health personnel of the First Level of Care has been the lack of standardization of consultation times by type of care, becoming a real challenge the definition of the duration of comprehensive care and a fundamental pillar for the planning and management of the agendas of professionals in the framework of digital transformation and progress in the implementation of the System Integrated Health. In turn, the selection of the consultation, the scheduling of chronic patients, the issuance of repetitive prescriptions, and the ordering of care routes and flows; are strategies that over time have proven to be cost-effective and have a positive impact on time and demand management, user satisfaction and reduced waiting times in the provision of health services, reason why these technical guidelines provide guidelines for its development and consolidation in the First Level of Care.

La importancia de la determinación de la deuda de oxígeno en el perioperatorio / The importance of oxygen debt determination in the perioperative period

Resumen: El fenómeno de la deuda de oxígeno (dO2) descrito hace varias décadas en el contexto del ejercicio físico se ha incorporado progresivamente al terreno de la medicina. En particular se ha utilizado durante los cambios hemodinámicos producidos por la cirugía y la anestesia en los pacientes de alto riesgo. La dO2 se definió como el aumento en la cantidad de oxígeno consumida por el organismo inmediatamente después de realizar un ejercicio físico hasta que el consumo se normaliza nuevamente. En el perioperatorio se llega a producir cuando se presenta un desbalance entre la oferta (DO2) y la demanda de oxígeno (VO2) que lleva a hipoxia tisular. El grado de la dO2 tisular se ha relacionado directamente con la falla de órganos múltiples y morbimortalidad perioperatoria. A pesar de los avances en la medicina, aún no es posible prevenir o disminuir la dO2 con la administración de líquidos o con el uso de agentes vasoactivos. Por lo que un retardo o manejo inadecuado de la hemodinámica perioperatoria producirá hipoperfusión e hipoxia tisular afectando los resultados de la cirugía. El conocimiento y la valoración de la dO2 es esencial durante la anestesia del paciente de alto riesgo. Para lograr este objetivo se requiere del uso de índices adecuados que permitan detectar y cuantificar la hipoperfusión tisular y el desbalance entre la DO2 y la VO2. En esta revisión se presentan los conceptos fundamentales de la dO2, su mecanismo, detección y cuantificación; además de las intervenciones para evitarla o disminuirla y las recomendaciones para los anestesiólogos con el fin de asegurar mejores resultados en los pacientes quirúrgicos de alto riesgo.

Abstract: The phenomenon of oxygen debt (dO2) described several decades ago in the context of physical exercise has been incorporated into medicine, particularly during the hemodynamic changes produced by surgery and anesthesia in high-risk patients. dO2 is defined as the increase in the amount of oxygen consumed by the body immediately after physical exercise until O2 consumption returns to normal. In the perioperative period, an imbalance between oxygen supply (DO2) and demand (VO2) could generate dO2. The degree of tissue dO2 has been directly related to multiple organ failure and perioperative morbimortality. Despite advances in medicine, it is not yet possible to prevent or lower the dO2 with fluid administration or vasoactive agents. Delay or inadequate management of hemodynamics could produce tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia, affecting surgery outcomes. Knowledge and assessing dO2 during perioperative are essential during anesthesia for high-risk patients. Adequate indices are required to detect and quantify tissue hypoperfusion and the imbalance between DO2 and VO2 during anesthesia. This review presents the mechanism, detection, and quantification of dO2. In addition to interventions to avoid or reduce dO2 and recommendations for anesthesiologists to ensure better results in high-risk surgical patients.

Evolution of the choice of places in Endocrinology and Nutrition in the Spanish exam for accessing to the resident physicians training program 2001-2022 measured with the quotation index.

INTRODUCTION: The comparison between specialties or the analysis of evolution over time of a speciality in the Spanish exam for accessing to the resident physicians training programme (RPTP) is difficult due to the changing of the number of places offered. In this paper we describe two parameters (quotation index and quotation order) that objectify the relationship between supply and demand for places in a given medical speciality in a RPTP call and analyse the evolution of the speciality of Endocrinology and Nutrition (E&N). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We analysed the evolution of the supply/demand ratio for the speciality of E&N in the 2001-2022 RPTP calls using the quotation index and quotation order. An increase in the quotation order implies a worsening of the supply/demand ratio. Robust correlation analysis between year and quoatation orden is used. RESULTS: E&N shows a worsening in the RPTP choice, both in relation to all specialties offered and in relation to specialties of medical area (robust correlation coefficient year-quotation order 0.72 (p=0.0002) if all specialties are considered and 0.80 (p<0.0001) if only medical area specialties are considered). CONCLUSIONS: The specialty E&N has shown a negative evolution in the choice of RPTP, objectified through the quotation index and the quotation order, both in relation to all the specialties offered and in relation to all the specialties of the medical area, although it is still among the most sought-after medical specialties in the medical area.

Depressão: a dor da alma de quem perdeu-se de si mesmo / Depression: The pain of the soul of those who lost themselves / Depresión: el dolor del alma de los que se perdieron

A depressão, no sentido simbólico, é a melhor expressão da dor da alma que se perdeu de sua própria natureza. Depressão como um estado de aprisionamento. Os seres vivos estão sempre em transformações físicas, psíquicas, socioculturais e noéticas. Quando as transformações não encontram espaço para se expressar, surge o sofrimento. A solução seria romper e, quando não se consegue, a depressão surge. A busca da possibilidade de refazer a ligação com o outro poderá ser feita por um processo via logos espiritualizado. O mito de Orfeu é usado para explicitar a perda da coniunctio com a anima e a segunda busca de si mesmo pelo caminho da Sabedoria Profunda. Essa busca pode ser traduzida também pelas questões kantianas: Quem sou eu? Por que estou aqui? Qual o sentido da minha vida? Qual é minha responsabilidade diante de tudo que me cerca? A conclusão sobre o texto define a condição do entender que o se perder de si mesmo, fundamento da depressão, encontra respostas, num segundo momento da vida, pelo conhecimento, via logos espiritualizado e veiculado pela Sabedoria Profunda.

Depression, in the symbolic sense, is the best expression of the pain of the soul that has lost its own nature. Depression as a state of imprisonment. Living beings are always undergoing physical, psychic, sociocultural, and noetic transformations. When transformations do not find space to express themselves, suffering arises. The solution would be to break up and when you don't succeed, depression arises. The search for the possibility of remaking the connection with the other can be done through a process via spiritualized logos. The myth of Orpheus is used to explain the loss of the coniunctio with the anima and the second search for oneself along the path of Profound Wisdom. This search can also be translated by the Kantian questions: "Who am I? Why am I here? What is the meaning of my life? What is my responsibility to everything around me?" The conclusion on the text defines the condition of understanding that losing oneself, the basis of depression, finds answers, in a second moment of life, through knowledge, via spiritualized logos and conveyed by Profound Wisdom.

La depresión, en sentido simbólico, es la mejor expresión del dolor del alma que ha perdido su propia naturaleza. La depresión como estado de encarcelamiento. Los seres vivos siempre están pasando por transformaciones físicas, psíquicas, socioculturales y noéticas. Cuando las transformaciones no encuentran espacio para expresarse, surge el sufrimiento. La solución sería romper y cuando no lo consigues, surge la depresión. La búsqueda de la posibilidad de rehacer la conexión con el otro puede hacerse a través de un proceso vía logos espiritualizados. Se utiliza el mito de Orfeo para explicar la pérdida del coniunctio con el ánima y la segunda búsqueda de uno mismo por el camino de la Sabiduría Profunda. Esta búsqueda también puede traducirse por las preguntas kantianas: ¿Quién soy yo? ¿Por qué estoy aquí? ¿Cuál es el significado de mi vida? ¿Cuál es mi responsabilidad con todo lo que me rodea? La conclusión del texto define la condición de comprensión de que el perderse a sí mismo, base de la depresión, encuentra respuestas, en un segundo momento de la vida, a través del conocimiento, a través del logos espiritualizado y transmitido por la Sabiduría Profunda.

Impacto de la formación y aspectos legales en la aplicación de la gestión enfermera de la demanda por parte de las enfermeras de atención primaria de Cataluña / Impact of training and legal aspects on the application of nurse demand management by primary care nurses in Catalonia

Objetivo: Conocer la experiencia de las enfermeras de atención primaria en la aplicación de la gestión enfermera de la demanda (GED). Diseño: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Emplazamiento: Atención primaria de Cataluña. Participantes: Enfermeras de atención primaria de Cataluña. Se estimó una muestra de 394 participantes alcanzando 405. La obtención de datos fue desde octubre de 2021 hasta enero de 2022. Mediciones principales: Se realizó un cuestionario ad hoc, el cual exploraba aspectos referentes a la experiencia de aplicación de la GED: definición y manejo del programa, formación y aspectos legales del programa. Resultados: Las enfermeras entienden la GED como un triaje. Además, consideran que la implantación de la prescripción enfermera no mejora la aplicación de la GED. Manifiestan una falta de formación especialmente las enfermeras más noveles. La formación ideal en GED, consideran, debería incluir fisiopatología y supuestos prácticos. Siete de cada 10 enfermeras desconocen el marco legal que ampara la GED y les provoca inseguridad no conocerlo. Seis de cada 10 han dejado de ser resolutivas por miedo a las repercusiones legales. Las enfermeras que sí conocen el marco legal son las que han dejado de resolver en menor proporción. Conclusiones: Se constata la necesidad de formación general en la GED y en los aspectos legales que dan cobertura al programa especialmente en las enfermeras más jóvenes y con menos experiencia en atención primaria. De esta manera se mejorará la aplicación y aceptación del rol autónomo enfermero en la gestión de enfermedades agudas leves.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the experience of primary care nurses in the application of nurse demand management (NDM). Design: Observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. Location: Primary care in Catalonia. Participants: Nurses in the field of primary care in Catalonia. A sample of 394 responses was estimated and 405 were finally obtained. Data collection was from October 2021 to January 2022. Main measurements: An ad hoc questionnaire was developed which explored aspects related to the experience of applying NDM: definition and management of the program, training, and legal concerns of the program. Results: Nurses understand NDM as triage. In addition, they consider that the implementation of nurse prescription would not improve the application of NDM. They express a lack of training, especially among the younger nurses. They consider that the ideal training in NDM, should include physiopathology and practical cases. Seven out of ten nurses are unaware of the legal framework that protects NDM and feel insecure about not knowing it. Six out of ten nurses have stopped being resolutive due to fear of legal repercussions. Nurses who are aware of the legal framework are those who have stopped resolving in the lowest proportion. Conclusions: There is a need for general training in NDM and in the legal aspects that cover the program, especially for younger nurses with less experience in primary care. This will improve the application and acceptance of the autonomous nursing role in the management of acute minor illnesses.(AU)

Empleo y resolución de la Gestión Enfermera de la Demanda en Cataluña / Use and resolution of Nurse Demand Management in Catalonia

Introducción: la gestión enfermera de la demanda (GED) es la atención a los problemas agudos leves liderada por la enfermera y llevada a cabo en los centros de atención primaria de Cataluña desde el 2009. El objetivo del estudio es evaluar el grado de implantación y resolución de la GED en los centros del Institut Català de la Salut. Métodos: estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. El ámbito de estudio ha sido el de atención primaria del Institut Català de la Salut de Cataluña. Análisis de datos secundarios. Los datos han sido extraídos de la plataforma Longview. Las variables de estudio han sido en cuanto a la GED: el número de visitas, la resolución, los motivos de consulta y protocolos implantados en los equipos. Resultados: la GED en el territorio catalán presenta variabilidad en los porcentajes de resolución entre las diferentes gerencias territoriales. Los protocolos pediátricos presentan mayor resolución que los de adultos. Los protocolos con mayor resolución son los relacionados con la práctica usual de la enfermera, y los menos, los que históricamente resolvía el médico. Por último, existe correlación positiva entre los protocolos implementados y el número de usuarios visitados por la enfermera. Conclusiones: el liderazgo enfermero en la atención a enfermedades agudas leves es una práctica afianzada por las enfermeras de atención primaria; aunque existe heterogeneidad en la resolución de los motivos de consulta especialmente entre los que habitualmente atendía la enfermera y los que históricamente resolvía el médico. (AU)

Introduction: Nursing leadership in users with acute minor illnesses (NLAMI) is the attention given by nurse to people with acute problems carried out in primary care centers in Catalonia since 2009. The aim of the study is to evaluate the degree of resolution of the NLAMI in the centers of the Institut Català de la Salut. Methods: cross-sectional descriptive observational study. The scope of the study was the primary care of the Institut Català de la Salut in Catalonia. Secondary data analysis. The data were extracted from the Longview platform. The study variables were related with NLAMI: number of visits, resolution, reasons for consultation and protocols implemented in the health centers. Results: The NLAMI is implemented in the Catalonia and there is variability in the percentages of resolution between territories. Pediatric protocols have higher resolution than adult protocols. The most resolved protocols are those related to the usual practice of the nurse, and the least resolved protocols are those historically resolved by the physician. Finally, there is a positive correlation between the protocols implemented and the number of users visited by the nurse. Conclusions: the leadership in the care of acute minor illnesses is an established practice of primary care nurses and there is heterogeneity in the resolution of the reasons for consultation, especially between those usually attended by the nurse and those historically resolved by the physician. (AU)

[Impact of training and legal aspects on the application of nurse demand management by primary care nurses in Catalonia]. / Impacto de la formación y aspectos legales en la aplicación de la gestión enfermera de la demanda por parte de las enfermeras de atención primaria de Cataluña.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the experience of primary care nurses in the application of nurse demand management (NDM). DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional descriptive study. LOCATION: Primary care in Catalonia. PARTICIPANTS: Nurses in the field of primary care in Catalonia. A sample of 394 responses was estimated and 405 were finally obtained. Data collection was from October 2021 to January 2022. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: An ad hoc questionnaire was developed which explored aspects related to the experience of applying NDM: definition and management of the program, training, and legal concerns of the program. RESULTS: Nurses understand NDM as triage. In addition, they consider that the implementation of nurse prescription would not improve the application of NDM. They express a lack of training, especially among the younger nurses. They consider that the ideal training in NDM, should include physiopathology and practical cases. Seven out of ten nurses are unaware of the legal framework that protects NDM and feel insecure about not knowing it. Six out of ten nurses have stopped being resolutive due to fear of legal repercussions. Nurses who are aware of the legal framework are those who have stopped resolving in the lowest proportion. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for general training in NDM and in the legal aspects that cover the program, especially for younger nurses with less experience in primary care. This will improve the application and acceptance of the autonomous nursing role in the management of acute minor illnesses.

Nursing Services in the First Level of Care in Colombia. Analysis of the Offer 2002-2020 / Servicios de enfermería en el primer nivel de atención en Colombia. Un análisis de la oferta 2002-2020 / Serviços de enfermagem no primeiro nível de atenção na Colômbia. Uma análise da oferta 2002-2020

Objective. This work sought to characterize the primary care nursing consultation services reported in the official systems of health services records in Colombia between 2002 and 2020. Methods. This was a cross-sectiona, retrospective study. Node geographic analysis and descriptive statistics were performed for quantitative data from the Special Registry of Health Providers and the Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Results.The study identified 6079 nursing services of which 72% are outpatient, 95.05% are assigned to institutions providing health services, 99.75% are of low complexity, and 48.22% of the offer was created in the last five years. The nodes with the highest increase in the offer of services are Caribbean (n = 909) and Pacific (n = 499), while Amazon (n = 48) showed the lowest offer in the last five years. Conclusions.Disparity is evident in the availability of services by region and node, in addition to a low liberal exercise to provide nursing care.

Objetivo.Caracterizar los servicios de consulta de enfermería de primer nivel de atención reportados en los sistemas oficiales de registros de servicios de salud en Colombia durante el periodo 2002-2020. Métodos.Estudio transversal de corte retrospectivo. Se realizó análisis geográfico por nodos y estadística descriptiva para los datos procedentes del Registro Especial de Prestadores en Salud (REPS) del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. Resultados.Se identificaron 6079 servicios de enfermería de los cuales el 72% son ambulatorios, el 95.05% están adscritos a instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud, un 99.75% son de complejidad baja y, el 48.22% de la oferta se creó en los últimos 5 años. Los nodos que han mostrado mayor aumento en la oferta de servicios son Caribe (n=909) y Pacífico (n=499), mientras que Amazonia (n=48) ha mostrado la menor oferta en los últimos cinco años. Conclusión.Existe disparidad en la disponibilidad de servicios por región y nodo, además de un bajo ejercicio independiente para la provisión de atención en enfermería.

Objetivo.Caracterizar os serviços de consulta de enfermagem de primeiro nível de atenção informados nos sistemas oficiais de registro dos serviços de saúde na Colômbia durante o período 2002-2020. Métodos.Estudo transversal, retrospectivo. Foi realizada análise geográfica por nós e estatística descritiva para os dados do Cadastro Especial de Provedores de Saúde (REPS) do Ministério da Saúde e Proteção Social. Resultados.Foram identificados 6079 serviços de enfermagem, sendo 72% ambulatorial, 95.05% vinculados a instituições que prestam serviços de saúde, 99.75% são de baixa complexidade e 48.22% da oferta foi criada nos últimos 5 anos. Os nós que apresentaram maior aumento na oferta de serviços são Caribe (n = 909) e Pacífico (n = 499), enquanto a Amazônia (n = 48) apresentou a menor oferta nos últimos cinco anos. Conclusão.Há disparidade na disponibilidade de serviços por região e nó, além de um baixo exercício independente para a prestação de cuidados de enfermagem.

Estrategias en atención primaria frente a la covid-19. Liderazgo y resolución enfermera / Strategies in primary care against covid-19. Leadership and nurse resolution

La pandemia de la COVID-19 ha significado un reto para el sistema sanitario. La atención primaria ha tenido que reestructurarse para dar atención a los pacientes con sintomatología compatible con COVID-19 y al resto de patologías previas de siempre. Se han establecido estrategias con el objetivo de reducir el riesgo, para los pacientes y el personal, de la exposición innecesaria a posibles fuentes de infección por COVID-19. En el CAP de Can Trias (Viladecavalls), se optó por la creación de la consulta respiratorio-COVID enfermera de atención a los pacientes que presentan síntomas compatibles con COVID-19, donde la enfermera los valora y explora, y determina si resuelve el problema de salud o deriva al médico u otro dispositivo.Se evaluó la consulta respiratorio-COVID enfermera, mostrando una alta capacidad resolutiva y un bajo índice de reconsulta en la Gestión Enfermera de la Demanda (GED) de los pacientes con clínica compatible con COVID-19.La experiencia pone de manifiesto el gran potencial, autonomía y capacidad de adaptación de las enfermeras, siendo una oportunidad de consolidar y potenciar su valía y competencias. (AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a challenge for the public health system. Primary care had to be restructured to treat patients with COVID-19 symptoms, as well as continue treating the usual pathologies. Strategies were set up in order to minimise risks of unnecessary exposure to possible sources of COVID-19 infection, for patients and health workers alike. In the primary care centre CAP de Can Trias (Viladecavalls), a special consultation of COVID-respiratory nurse care was put into place for patients with clinical symptoms compatible with COVID, where the nurse would observe, asses, and determine if the health issue can be resolved, or if they need further medical attention. This system was evaluated, which proved to have a high-resolution capacity, and a low rate of a second medical assessment in the Nurse Demand Management (GED) of patients with clinical symptoms compatible with COVID-19. Experience has proven the great potential, autonomy, and adaptability of the nursing team, having also become an opportunity to consolidate and boost their worth and proficiency. (AU)

[Nurse resolution of self-limiting mild processes in health care. Descriptive study]. / Resolución enfermera de los procesos leves autolimitados en atención primaria: estudio descriptivo.

BACKGROUND: To describe the capacity of the primary health care's nurse in the resolution of the self-limiting mild processes after the implementation of the healthcare demand's process in Basque Country. SETTING: 25 primary health care centers of the OSI Bilbao-Basurto. TYPE OF STUDY: An observational, descriptive, transversal study. Using as a guide protocols previously agreed and within hers scope of competence, the nurse values and resolves five self-limiting mild processes: upper airway infection, sore throat, fever, nausea and/or vomiting and diarrhea. Furthermore, the nurse can refer patients to other specialist in the cases concomitant disease is detected or their state of heath is aggravated. PARTICIPANTS: 6985 patient's records, who consulted 1 of 5 self-limiting mild processes from 1st November 2019 to 29th February 2020, were analyzed. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: The main variable was the nurse's resolution. The three possible resolutions ways were health education, health education, medical administrative consultation and health education, and medical consultation. RESULTS: The nurse solved the 47% of the self-limiting mild processes. According to the type of process, differences in the resolution were appreciated, solving as far as 57% of the processes of consultations for diarrhea. 10.5% (CI 95%; 9.8-11.2%) of the assisted people were followed-up for reasons related to the self-limiting mild processes of the origin. The follow-up consultations were not related to the way the process was resolved. CONCLUSIONS: The nurse solves nearly half of the processes that values in spite of not having some of the tools such as, the competence of indicate and dispense medications.

Resolución enfermera de los procesos leves autolimitados en atención primaria: estudio descriptivo / Nurse resolution of self-limiting mild processes in health care. Descriptive study

Objetivo : Describir la capacidad de la enfermera de Atención Primaria en la resolución de los procesos leves autolimitados (PLA), tras la implementación de la Gestión de la Demanda Asistencial (GDA) en Euskadi.Emplazamiento : Se analizaron 25 centros de salud de Atención Primaria de la OSI Bilbao-Basurto.Diseño : Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal. Utilizando como guía protocolos previamente consensuados y dentro de su ámbito competencial, la enfermera valora y resuelve cinco PLA: catarro vías altas, dolor de garganta, fiebre, náuseas y/o vómitos y diarrea. Además, puede derivar a otros profesionales los casos que detecta patología concomitante o agravantes de salud.Participantes : Se analizaron 6.985 registros de pacientes que consultaron por uno de los cinco PLA, entre el 1 de noviembre de 2019 y el 29 de febrero de 2020.Mediciones principales : La variable principal fue la resolución enfermera. Los tres modos posibles de resolución fueron: educación sanitaria, educación sanitaria y consulta administrativa médica y educación sanitaria y consulta médica.Resultados : La enfermera resolvió el 47% de los PLA. Se apreciaron diferencias en la resolución según el tipo de proceso, llegando a resolver hasta el 57% de los procesos en las consultas por diarrea. El 10,5% (IC 95%: 9,8%-11,2%) de las personas atendidas reconsultaron por motivos relacionados con el PLA de origen. Las reconsultas no guardaron relación con el modo de resolución del proceso.Conclusiones : La enfermera resuelve casi la mitad de los procesos que valora a pesar de no disponer de algunas herramientas como la competencia para indicar y dispensar medicamentos.(AU)

Background : To describe the capacity of the primary health care's nurse in the resolution of the self-limiting mild processes after the implementation of the healthcare demand's process in Basque Country.Setting : 25 primary health care centers of the OSI Bilbao-Basurto.Type of study : An observational, descriptive, transversal study. Using as a guide protocols previously agreed and within hers scope of competence, the nurse values and resolves five self-limiting mild processes: upper airway infection, sore throat, fever, nausea and/or vomiting and diarrhea. Furthermore, the nurse can refer patients to other specialist in the cases concomitant disease is detected or their state of heath is aggravated.Participants : 6985 patient's records, who consulted 1 of 5 self-limiting mild processes from 1st November 2019 to 29th February 2020, were analyzed.Main measurements : The main variable was the nurse's resolution. The three possible resolutions ways were health education, health education, medical administrative consultation and health education, and medical consultation.Results : The nurse solved the 47% of the self-limiting mild processes. According to the type of process, differences in the resolution were appreciated, solving as far as 57% of the processes of consultations for diarrhea. 10.5% (CI 95%; 9.8-11.2%) of the assisted people were followed-up for reasons related to the self-limiting mild processes of the origin. The follow-up consultations were not related to the way the process was resolved.Conclusions : The nurse solves nearly half of the processes that values in spite of not having some of the tools such as, the competence of indicate and dispense medications.

Desempenho energético e pegada de carbono de um sistema de esgotamento sanitário centralizado no nordeste brasileiro / Energy performance and carbon footprint of a centralized sewage system in northeastern Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a operação e manutenção de um sistema de esgotamento sanitário centralizado, composto de três subsistemas, que atende 367 mil habitantes no Nordeste do Brasil. A avaliação do ciclo de vida considerou um inventário amplo de operação e manutenção do sistema de esgotamento sanitário com as redes de coleta, estações de tratamento de esgoto, disposição do esgoto tratado no corpo hídrico e gestão do lodo. O arranjo tecnológico das estações de tratamento de esgoto avaliadas incluiu o reator do tipo upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, seguido de lagoa aerada e lagoa de polimento em um subsistema, e upflow anaerobic sludge blanket seguido de reator de lodo ativado por aeração prolongada em dois subsistemas. O desempenho energético utilizou o método de demanda de energia acumulada e a pegada de carbono empregou o método de potencial de aquecimento global de 100 anos do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas. O sistema de esgotamento sanitário avaliado demandou 5,12 MJ·m−3 e emitiu 4,08 kg CO2eq·m−3. As maiores contribuições do sistema de esgotamento sanitário avaliado foram a eletricidade, com 62% da demanda energética, e as emissões diretas para o ar, com 94% da pegada de carbono, sendo as emissões dos reatores upflow anaerobic sludge blanket com 76% da pegada de carbono. A identificação dos aspectos e impactos ambientais do sistema de esgotamento sanitário avaliado apoia a inovação tecnológica e gerencial para otimizar o desempenho energético e mitigar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa.

ABSTRACT This aim of this work was to evaluate the operation and maintenance of a centralized wastewater treatment system, composed of three subsystems, which serves 367 thousand inhabitants in northeastern Brazil. The life cycle assessment considered a comprehensive inventory of the wastewater treatment system operation and maintenance with the collection networks, wastewater treatment plants, disposal of the treated wastewater in the water body and sludge management. The technological arrangement of the evaluated wastewater treatment plants included the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor, followed by aerated and polishing ponds in one subsystem, and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket followed by extended aeration activated sludge in two subsystems. The energy performance used the cumulative energy demand method and the carbon footprint used the global warming potential method for 100 years of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The evaluated wastewater treatment system presented 5.12 MJ·m−3 and 4.08 kg CO2eq·m−3. The largest contribution of the evaluated wastewater treatment system was the electricity use with 62% of the energy demand and direct emissions to the air with 94% of the carbon footprint, being direct emissions from Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactors with 76% of the carbon footprint. The identification of environmental aspects and impacts of the evaluated wastewater treatment system supports technological and management innovations to optimize its energy performance and mitigate greenhouse gases emission.

¿En qué puedo ayudarle? Entre la solución individual tecnológica y la metaperspectiva sociopolítica / “How can I help you?” Between the individual technological solution and the socio-political meta-perspective1

En este artículo se expone el condicionamiento sociocultural y político de la demanda (en forma y cantidad) y de la respuesta clínica individual que ofrecemos habitualmente. Se plantea una metaperspectiva sociopolítica que da cuenta del papel de los servicios de salud mental en la sociedad actual marcada por las políticas neoliberales. Se reflexiona sobre el daño que provoca el solucionismo individual y cómo reducirlo. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de que los profesionales en formación aprendan sobre los sesgos, limitaciones y daños de la atención en salud mental, sobre prevención cuaternaria y su práctica, como la indicación de no-tratamiento. (AU)

The socio-cultural and political conditioning of the demand (in form and quantity) and of the individual clinical response we usually offer is exposed in this article. A socio-political meta-perspective is put forward to account for the role of mental health services in today’s society marked by neoliberal policies. It reflects on the harm caused by individual solutionism and how to reduce it. Emphasis is placed on the need for professionals in training to be aware of the biases, limitations, and harms of mental health care, on quaternary prevention and its practice, such as the indication for non-treatment. (AU)

Meu Deus, lá vem ele de novo! O cuidado à saúde aos "hiperutilizadores" na Atenção Básica / ¡Ay, Dios mío, él otra vez! El cuidado de la salud a los "hiperutilizadores" en la Atención Básica / Oh my God, they are here again! Providing health assistance for high users in Primary Care

Este artigo visa analisar aspectos no cuidado aos "hiperutilizadores" na Atenção Básica por meio da percepção dos profissionais e dos usuários. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa de caráter exploratório, do tipo estudo de caso, em que "hiperutilizadores" e profissionais foram entrevistados. A maneira como os profissionais definem quem é um usuário "hiperutilizador" é mais complexa do que o número total de consultas realizadas, passando pela identificação das necessidades em saúde que motivam a busca por cuidados. Os usuários com necessidades que extrapolam o alcance do modelo biomédico muitas vezes não têm as suas necessidades corretamente identificadas ou consideradas legítimas, e são considerados "hiperutilizadores" independentemente do número de consultas. O estudo serviu como um analisador da Atenção Básica à Saúde (ABS). Mantém-se um modelo ainda centrado na racionalidade biomédica, com pouca abertura para a "vida como ela é" e para o conhecimento e o "agir-leigo". (AU)

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar aspectos en el cuidado a los "hiperutilizadores" en la atención básica, a partir de la percepción de los profesionales y de los usuarios. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, de carácter exploratorio, del tipo estudio de caso, en la que fueron entrevistados "hiperutilizadores" y profesionales. La manera en que los profesionales definen quién es un usuario "hiperutilizador" es más compleja que el número total de consultas realizadas y pasa por la identificación de las necesidades de salud que motivan la búsqueda de cuidados. Los usuarios con necesidades que extrapolan el alcance del modelo biomédico, muchas veces no tienen sus necesidades correctamente identificadas o consideradas legítimas y son considerados "hiperutilizadores", independientemente del número de consultas. El estudio sirvió como un analizador de la ABS. Se mantiene un modelo que todavía está centrado en la racionalidad biomédica, con poca apertura para la "vida tal como es" y para el conocimiento y el "actuar-lego". (AU)

This article aims to analyze aspects involved in the health assistance provided for "high users" in primary care, based on the perception of professionals and users. A qualitative and exploratory case study was carried out in which "high users" and professionals were interviewed. The way in which primary care professionals define who is a "high user" is more complex than the total number of medical consultations and involves identifying the health needs that motivate users to seek assistance. Users whose needs are beyond the scope of the biomedical model often do not have their needs correctly identified or considered legitimate and are viewed as "high users" regardless of the number of appointments. The study served as an analyzer of primary care. A model still centered on the biomedical rationality is maintained, with little opening to "life as it is" and to "lay-action" and knowledge. (AU)

Demandas dos povos da floresta e a oferta da política de Assistência Social no contexto amazônico brasileiro / Demands of the people s of the forest and the provision of the Social Assistance Policy in the Brazilian Amazon context

O artigo objetivou analisar as demandas das famílias usuárias dos Centros de Referência da Assistência Social (CRAS) e a oferta da Política de Assistência Social no município de Parintins, no estado do Amazonas. O Brasil possui diferentes territórios com demandas específicas que devem ser respeitadas, considerando as desigualdades socioterritoriais existentes. Estas reflexões são fruto de uma das discussões da tese de doutorado defendida em 2017, tendo como procedimento metodológico a pesquisa de campo com abordagem quantiqualitativa a partir de entrevistas a 40 famílias da área urbana e rural. Conclui-se que a análise da demanda potencial ainda é um grande desafio para a assistência social, adequá-la à oferta dos serviços e benefícios socioassistenciais, à luz da perspectiva do território, significa conduzir as necessidades de proteção ao diálogo com as provisões do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (Suas) de acordo com a realidade local

The article aimed to analyze the demands of families that use Social Assistance Reference Centers (CRAS) and the offer of the Social Assistance Po-licy in the municipality of Parintins, in the state of Amazonas. Brazil has different territories with specific demands that must be respected, considering the exis-ting socio-territorial inequalities. These reflections are the result of one of the discussions of the doctoral thesis defended in 2017, having as methodological procedure the field research with a quanti-qualitative approach based on interviews with 40 families from urban and rural areas. It is concluded that the analysis of potential demand is still a great challenge for social assistance, adapting it to the offer of social assistance services and benefits, in light of the perspective of the territory, means bringing the protection needs into dialogue with the provisions of the System Social Assistance Service (SUAS) according to the local reality

O lugar do desejo na matriz de identidade / The place of desire in the matrix of identity / El lugar del deseo en la matriz de identidad

RESUMO O texto considera as raízes etimológicas da palavra "desejo". Discute abordagens filosóficas do conceito e expõe contribuições psicanalíticas. Destaca o lugar do desejo dentro da concepção relacional de Moreno, dando ênfase à matriz de identidade. Leva em conta o desejo e suas circunstâncias: o desejo e a memória, o desejo e a linguagem, o desejo e a demanda, o desejo e a falta, o desejo e a dependência. Discutem-se as implicações, do ponto de vista terapêutico, de trazer à consciência os elementos inconscientes do desejo. Isso facilitaria ao sujeito desatar os seus nós e redirecionar suas demandas.

ABSTRACT The text considers the etymological roots of the word "desire". It discusses philosophical approaches to the concept and presents psychoanalytic contributions. It highlights the place of desire within Moreno's relational conception, emphasizing the matrix of identity. It takes into account desire and its circumstances: desire and memory, desire and language, desire and demand, desire and lack, desire and dependence. The implications, from a therapeutic point of view, of bringing to consciousness the unconscious elements of desire are discussed. This would make it easier for the subject to untie his knots and redirect his demands.

RESUMEN El texto considera las raíces etimológicas de la palabra "deseo". Discute enfoques filosóficos del concepto y presenta contribuciones psicoanalíticas. Destaca el lugar del deseo dentro de la concepción relacional de Moreno, enfatizando la matriz de identidad. Tiene en cuenta el deseo y sus circunstancias: deseo y memoria, deseo y lenguaje, deseo y demanda, deseo y carencia, deseo y dependencia. Se discuten las implicaciones, desde un punto de vista terapéutico, de traer a la conciencia los elementos inconscientes del deseo. Esto facilitaría que el sujeto desatara sus nudos y redirigiera sus demandas.